Independent and Inspirational Research relating to KAKAMAQ+ key ingredients
Kakadu Plum
📍 Northern Territory – Australia
The Vitamin C power of 100 oranges in a small fruit the size of an olive! [1]
The Kakadu Plum – a small green fruit about the size of an olive with a soury mild taste and astringent finish hails in its abundance from the Eucalyptus woodlands of the northern Savannas – nestling in clusters of small creamy white flowers in lengthy spikes atop tree branches and carries a millennia of Native Australian folklore tradition as a prized fruit for both its medicinal and nutritional value. [2, 3]
The potency of the fruit’s botanical profile [4] has received growing attention through increasing clinical research in recent times, exhibiting exceptional antimicrobial properties allowing many and varied applications in the food ingredients industries, powerful enough to extend the storage life of food [5], while providing great promise for use in premium grade natural cosmetic and nutraceutical products with it’s high specification of antioxidant and antimicrobial benefit[3].
SOURCES:
1_ Rural Industries: Focys on Kakadu Plum
https://anfab.org.au/edit/research_publications/14-115_KakaduPlum.pdf
2_ Tables of Composition of Australian Aboriginal Foods
https://books.google.de/books?id=vyduivlx4kwC&pg=PA10&hl=de&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false
3_ The chemotherapeutic potential of Terminalia ferdinandiana: Phytochemistry and bioactivity
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3358965/
4_ Chemical and Nutritional Composition of Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu Plum) Kernels: A Novel Nutrition Source
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29649154/
5_ Antioxidant Rich Extracts of Terminalia ferdinandiana Inhibit the Growth of Foodborne Bacteria
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31344916/
Maqui Berry
📍 Patagonia / Chile
The highest ORAC score of all the fruits on the planet[1].
Three times the antioxidant power of the blueberry superfruit!
Growing wild in South America and mainly harvested by the native Mapuche Indians of Chile who have used the leaves, stems and berries medicinally for thousands of years, this exotic, dark purple fruit being rich in a group of antioxidants called anthocyanins[2,3,4] has three times the antioxidant amount than its widely known superfood relatives blackberries, blueberries, strawberries and raspberries[5].
Clinical research has shown this to be beneficial not just in the cell damage limitation throughout the body[6] but for suppression of damage to cells caused by UV rays [7] ,to which eyes are particularly vulnerable through light exposure (such as fluorescent lights when indoors, pc screens, phones and TVs)[8, 9] and increased further in the present climate through added consumption as a result of isolation and social distancing measures.
SOURCES:
1_ Antioxidant Compound Extraction from Maqui (Aristotelia chilensis [Mol] Stuntz) Berries: Optimization by Response Surface Methodology
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5384173/
2_ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328904290_Bioavailability_Study_of_Maqui_Berry_Extract_in_Healthy_Subjects
3_ Antioxidant capacity of fruits and vegetables cultivated in Chile
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17425182/
4_Nutraceutical and antioxidant effects of a delphinidin-rich maqui berry extract Delphinol®: a review https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25892567/
5_Berries from South America: a comprehensive review on chemistry, health potential, and commercialization
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20170356/
6_The chilean superfruit black-berry Aristotelia chilensis (Elaeocarpaceae), Maqui as mediator in inflammation-associated disorders
ABSTRACT – https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691516304975
FULL-https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691516304975/pdfft?casa_token=L6YZujECr7EAAAAA:3kIeI6naoAjK_sPpZM1hUmePlsLrAlDt6FLh-OaRJRUvalff0Qba5NivNtpiisSB94e1Cxfi2LA&md5=da0632a40fb22954f54725a78022f7cd&pid=1-s2.0-S0278691516304975-main.pdf
7_ Bioactive Compounds of Aristotelia chilensis Stuntz and their Pharmacological Effects
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26778456/
8_ Light-induced damage to the retina: current understanding of the mechanisms and unresolved questions: a symposium-in-print
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23106541/,
9_ https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/caring-for-your-eyes/diet-and-nutrition?sso=y
Hemp Extract
📍 The Tibetan Plateau
Hemp Extract stems from the renowned Cannabis plant with its existence spectacularly traced through modern scientific research of fossil evidence to the ice age tectonic collision of Indian and Asian land masses forming the ancient Tibetan Plateau [1, 2] then spreading to Europe, through to China and India traversing further through millenia and medicinal use from Africa to South America in the 19th Century and finally penetrating the United States at the beginning of the 20th century with Mexican immigration – representing an inconceivable 28 million years of planetary growth and almost 30 thousand years of evidential use by humans with its powerful tradition of healing through the ages, and referenced in The Old Testament as ‘Kaneh-Bosm'[3,4].
Produced from the seeds of the Hemp (Cannabis Sativa) plant Hemp seed oil is highly beneficial to cellular activity due to its optimal nutritional profile of vitamin C, E, A, and omega-3 fatty acids which is exceptional in its similarity to the fats and amino acid composition of our own natural skin oils, making it one of the most well suited oils for all skin types and providing core support of vital biological processes [5].
The potency of hemp seed oil lays in its considerable levels of proven powerful skin care compounds [6] including Vitamin E, Vitamin A [7], Vitamin C, gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA).
These essential fatty acids provide excellent emollience particularly for skins prone to congestion or irritation [8], is non-comedogenic and improves the appearance of skin by boosting circulation [9].
SOURCES:
1_ Origins of cannabis traced back 28 million years to the Tibetan Plateau
https://www.earth.com/news/origins-cannabis-tibetan-plateau/
2_ Research Traces Cannabis Plant Origins to the Tibetan Plateau 28 Million Years Ago
https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-general/cannabis-plant-0011944
3_ Kaneh Bosm: Cannabis in the Old Testament | Cannabis Culture
https://www.cannabisculture.com/content/1996/05/01/1090/
4_ Holy anointing oil
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_anointing_oil
5_The cardiac and haemostatic effects of dietary hempseed
https://nutritionandmetabolism.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-7075-7-32
6_ Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Seed Oil: Analytical and Phytochemical Characterization of the Unsaponifiable Fraction
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf404278q
7_ Vitamin A antagonizes decreased cell growth and elevated collagen-degrading matrix metalloproteinases and stimulates collagen accumulation in naturally aged human skin
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10692106/
8_ Plants used to treat skin diseases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3931201/
9_ Dietary hempseed reduces platelet aggregation1
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02327
Revitalising Exfoliant
Bamboo & Comfrey Plant Extract
BAMBOO EXTRACT
With a background of extensive traditional use in Japanese and Chinese medicinal culture and nutrition [1] the Bamboo plant is a powerful botanical source of skin nutrients and increasingly since the 1960s a widely studied ingredient with growing focus on its benefits as a skincare ingredient.
Bambusa arundinacea Stem Powder is the powder obtained from the dried, ground stems of the Bamboo plant (Bambusa arundinacea), providing considerable refining and hydration to the skin matrix with its potent antioxidant [2,3] anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and fatigue-combating benefit making it a power botanical for rejuvenation and cell growth. [4]
One of the richest natural sources of silica in the planet, Bamboo contains approximately 70% of this essential mineral which is an instrumental trigger for collagen production[5] the protein building block firming skin and giving it resilience, structure and youthful radiance.[6]
Bamboo also naturally regulates the skin balance by holding moisture on the surface of the skin and helping to provide lasting hydration.
SOURCES –
1_ Potential Medicinal Application and Toxicity Evaluation of Extracts from Bamboo Plants
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4659479/
2_ Bambusae caulis in Liquamen Suppresses the Expression of Thymus and Activation-Regulated Chemokine and Macrophage-Derived Chemokine in Human Keratinocytes due to Antioxidant Effect
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3137989/
3_ Bamboo Stems (Phyllostachys nigra variety henosis) Containing Polyphenol Mixtures Activate Nrf2 and Attenuate Phenylhydrazine-Induced Oxidative Stress and Liver Injury
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6357197/
4_ Medicinal Properties of Bamboos
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330760573_Medicinal_Properties_of_Bamboos
5_ Use of silicon for skin and hair care
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4938278/
6_ The Medicinal Importance of Bamboo
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235886924_MEDICINAL_IMPORTANCE_OF_BAMBOO
COMFREY EXTRACT
Cited in the 17th Century by English Physician Nicholas Culpeper for its outstanding wound healing and structural strengthening properties [1]. extensive modern study of this common plant growing abundantly in Europe and also now naturalised in North America back up the early therapeutic claims attributed to Comfrey in the treatment of ‘Inward Wounds & Bruises, Wounds, Ruptures, broken Bones, Inflamation, Gout, and Pained joints.’[1,2].
Much of the power of the plant is attributed to the compound Allantoin [3] obtained from the root of the Comfrey plant which exhibits humectant activity drawing moisture into the skin and locking it into the layers to maintain optimal levels of hydration in the skin cells, contributing to skin softening and calming inflammation [4,5].
Allantoin derived from the comfrey plant is a powerful support for the exfoliation of the skin surface as it is a natural and gentle keratolytic (shedding away Keratin as the top layer of dead skin) [6,9] and in that way boosting and supporting the skin’s natural cell turnover rate.
With it’s inherent anti-inflammatory properties helping to minimize irritation [7,8] and its notable ability to promote new cell growth [9] , allantoin gently minimises potential dermal stress that can arise with exfoliation particularly for sensitive skin – to support healing and facilitate younger, brighter looking skin.
SOURCES –
1_ Comfrey: A Clinical Overview
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3491633/
2_ [quote] ‘The English Physitian’, Culpeper 17th Century
https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=FIJmAAAAcAAJ&hl=en&pg=GBS.RA1-PA270
3_ Comfrey root: from tradition to modern clinical trials
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3580139/
4_ Comparative Assessment of Phytochemical Profiles of Comfrey (Symphytum officinale L.) Root Extracts Obtained by Different Extraction Techniques.
https://europepmc.org/article/MED/32075048#B7-molecules-25-00837
5_ A Symphytum officinale Root Extract Exerts Anti-inflammatory Properties by Affecting Two Distinct Steps of NF-κB Signaling
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2019.00289/full
6 _ Ref. Allantoin.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1749160/pdf/brmedj02317-0055.pdf
7_ The Role of Moisturizers in Addressing Various Kinds of Dermatitis: A Review
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5849435/
8_ Evaluation of a Topical Anti-inflammatory/Antifungal Combination Cream in Mild-to-moderate Facial Seborrheic Dermatitis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4587893/
9_An investigation into multifaceted mechanisms of action of allantoin in wound healing. 2017, Jun
https://www.jaad.org/article/S0190-9622(17)30663-1/fulltext
Purifying Cleanser
Moringa Seed Oil & Ylang Ylang
MORINGA
Derived from ‘murungai’, the Tamil word for drumstick, Moringa is commonly referred to as the drumstick tree. It contains 13 species from tropical and subtropical climates that range in size from tiny herbs to massive trees.
With a long history in traditional cooking and medicine almost every part of the tree has healing properties [1].
Moringa seed oil comes from the seeds of the tree and with its unique fatty acid composition [2] in skincare provides considerable moisturising benefit that supports the skin’s vital barrier function.
Present day research backs up evidence of Moringa’s potent anti-inflammatory properties [2] and curative behaviour in wound healing, wound closure rate, and reduction in scar tissue all in addition to it’s potent antibacterial, antifungal, and antimicrobial profile [3, 4] which protects against the growth of disease-causing microbes. Moringa seeds contain a natural antibiotic, known as pterygospermin [5], that is effective in the treatment or control of infection.
The combination of Moringa’s inhibitory action on microbes and the repair of any minor lesions which may be present provides a uniquely effective combination for the purification of the complexion with additional support in the form of the oil’s effective botanical composition and high vitamin E content which helps regulate protective cellular processes [6, 7, 8] to optimise the permeability of the skin surface.
SOURCES –
1_ Moringa oleifera: a food plant with multiple medicinal uses
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17089328/
2_ Moringa oleifera Seeds and Oil: Characteristics and Uses for Human Health
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5187941/
3_ Anti-fungal activity of crude extracts and essential oil of Moringa oleifera Lam.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16406607/
4_ Moringa Genus: A Review of Phytochemistry and Pharmacology
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5820334/
5_ Pterygospermin: the Antibacterial Principle of Moringa pterygosperma, Gaertn.
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1946Natur.158..745R/abstract
6_ Promising features of Moringa oleifera oil: recent updates and perspectives.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27931216/
7_ Determination of antioxidant of Moringa oleifera seed oil and its use in the production of a body cream
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333998448
8 _ Biological, nutritional, and therapeutic significance of Moringa oleifera Lam.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31453658/
YLANG YLANG
Star-shaped Ylang ylang (Cananga odorata) is a sweet-smelling yellow flower that grows on the Cananga tree native to the tropical nations surrounding the Indian Ocean, including India, the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, and parts of Australia.
It’s rich, fruity, aromatic floral scent is harnessed to make several types of essential oil, via steam distillation, with oils varying in scent intensity and respective uses from perfumes to skincare. [1]
With its traditional background as a herbal treatment for headache and nausea to serious diseases and ailments such as gout, rheumatism, malaria and pneumonia, the therapeutic benefit of Ylang Ylang has been subject to much modern day research backing up the case for its indigenous use, showing in studies to alleviate anxiety and depression, lift mood, induce calm by lowering blood pressure and heart rate [2, 3], also stimulating oil production in the skin and on the scalp as well as exhibiting protective activity against pests – killing larvae and repelling flying insects [4, 5].
A powerful component for cleansing skincare, much of Ylang Ylangs potency is attributed to naturally present levels of linalool [6,7], a compound which has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antifungal properties and shown to be effective at reducing common fungal infections such as Candida albican which can adversely present as rashes and other irritations on the skin surface [8].
SOURCES –
1_Tan LTH, et al. (2015). Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and bioactives of Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang).
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4534619/
2_Gnatta JR, et al. (2014). [Aromatherapy with ylang ylang for anxiety and self-esteem: a pilot study].
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25076278
3_ Jung D-J, et al. (2013). Effects of ylang-ylaeng aroma on blood pressure and heart rate in healthy men.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3836517/
4_ Efficacy of Thai herbal essential oils as green repellent against mosquito vectors
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25438256/
5_ Comparative efficacy of commercial ylang-ylang ( Cananga odorata) essential oils from India and Thailand against larval Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33005663/
6 _ Peana AT, et al. (2002). Anti-inflammatory activity of linalool and linalyl acetate constituents of essential oils.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12587692
7_ Herman A, et al. (2016). Linalool affects the antimicrobial efficacy of essential oils.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26553262
8_ Orchard A, et al. (2017). Commercial essential oils as potential antimicrobials to treat skin diseases.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5435909
Rebalancing Toner
Lavender Oil & Comfrey Plant Extract,
LAVENDER
Lavender is a flowering plant in the mint family with a sweet floral scent. While many consider Lavender as a soothing aid to assist with sleep, the deeper benefit of Lavender stems from its considerable protective biologically purifying action. Hailing from the Latin word ‘lavare’, meaning ‘to wash’, and generally considered one of the most extensively used essential oils dating back circa. 2500 years to biblical times, Lavender was used due to its considerable antibacterial properties by the Egyptians for mummification and in Ancient Roman bathing rituals.
With use across Mediterranean, Middle Eastern and Indian cultures, Lavender oils have a long history of therapeutic application in folklore and herbal medicinal practice and the modern day empirical data is building the evidence base with respect to the traditional claims proving its excellent bioactive qualities [1,10] delivering antibacterial [2], anti-inflammatory [3,4], anticancer [5] antioxidant [6,7] sedative, anticonvulsive, antispasmodic [8] benefit.
Lavender (Lavandula) essential oils are sophisticated combinations of mono- and sesquiterpenoid alcohols, esters, oxides, and ketones. The main monoterpenoid and sesquiterpenoid constituents linalool and linalyl acetate exhibit strong anti-inflammatory [9] and antimicrobial agents [9] against bacteria such as E coli while other compounds such as limonene have antibacterial activity against different human pathogenic bacteria. Many studies have quantified the medicinal properties of the terpenoid compounds, underpinned the oils potent antifungal activity and indicated the therapeutic potentials of Lavender Essential oils as a whole[10].
The versatility and exceptionally well tolerated nature of Lavender essential oil makes it an effective support for a myriad of skincare concerns, its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant qualities providing excellent toning and conditioning action for the complexion.
SOURCES –
1_ Aroma Characteristics of Lavender Extract and Essential Oil from Lavandula angustifolia Mill. 2020 Nov
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7728310/
2_Study on Lavender Essential Oil Chemical Compositions by GC-MS and Improved pGC. Molecules. 2020 Jul
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32664436/
3_Lavandula angustifolia and Lavandula latifolia Essential Oils from Spain: Aromatic Profile and Bioactivities. Planta Med. 2016 Jan
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26441063/
4_ Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Essential Oil Exerts Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Effect in Macrophage Mediated Immune Response to Staphylococcus aureus. Immunol Invest. 2016;
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26730790/
5_ Biological Activities of Essential Oils: From Plant Chemoecology to Traditional Healing Systems. Molecules. 2017 Jan
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28045446/
6_ Determination of antioxidant potential of volatile extracts isolated from various herbs and spices. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Aug
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12166987/
7_ Biosynthesis and therapeutic properties of Lavandula essential oil constituents. Planta Med. 2011 Jan
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20665367/
8_ Ethnopharacological_evaluation_of_the_anticonvulsant_sedative_and_antispasmodic_activities_of_Lavandula_stoechas_L.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12415500
9_ Peana AT, et al. (2002). Anti-inflammatory activity of linalool and linalyl acetate constituents of essential oils.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12587692
10.Commercial Essential Oils as Potential Antimicrobials to Treat Skin Diseases. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5435909/
COMFREY EXTRACT
Cited in the 17th Century by English Physician Nicholas Culpeper for its outstanding wound healing and structural strengthening properties [1]. extensive modern study of this common plant growing abundantly in Europe and also now naturalised in North America back up the early therapeutic claims attributed to Comfrey in the treatment of ‘Inward Wounds & Bruises, Wounds, Ruptures, broken Bones, Inflamation, Gout, and Pained Joynts.’[1,2].
Much of the power of the plant is attributed to the compound allantoin [3] obtained from the root of the Comfrey plant which exhibits humectant activity drawing moisture into the skin and locking it into the layers to maintain optimal levels of hydration in the skin cells, contributing to skin softening and calming inflammation [4,5].
Allantoin derived from the comfrey plant is a powerful support for the exfoliation of the skin surface as it is a natural and gentle keratolytic (shedding away Keratin as the top layer of dead skin) [6,9] and in that way boosting and supporting the skin’s natural cell turnover rate.
With it’s inherent anti-inflammatory properties helping to minimize irritation [7,8] and its notable ability to promote new cell growth [9] , allantoin is a powerful support for toning and strengthening the skin surface to minimise damage from dermal stress.
SOURCES:
1_ Comfrey: A Clinical Overview
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3491633/
2_ [quote] ‘The English Physitian’, Culpeper 17th Century
https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=FIJmAAAAcAAJ&hl=en&pg=GBS.RA1-PA270
3_ Comfrey root: from tradition to modern clinical trials
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3580139/
4_ Comparative Assessment of Phytochemical Profiles of Comfrey (Symphytum officinale L.) Root Extracts Obtained by Different Extraction Techniques.
https://europepmc.org/article/MED/32075048#B7-molecules-25-00837
5_ A Symphytum officinale Root Extract Exerts Anti-inflammatory Properties by Affecting Two Distinct Steps of NF-κB Signaling
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2019.00289/full
6 _ Ref. Allantoin.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1749160/pdf/brmedj02317-0055.pdf
7_ The Role of Moisturizers in Addressing Various Kinds of Dermatitis: A Review
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5849435/
8_ Evaluation of a Topical Anti-inflammatory/Antifungal Combination Cream in Mild-to-moderate Facial Seborrheic Dermatitis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4587893/
9_An investigation into multifaceted mechanisms of action of allantoin in wound healing. 2017, Jun
https://www.jaad.org/article/S0190-9622(17)30663-1/fulltext
Radiating Face Serum
Botanical Hyaluronic Acid & Jojoba Seed Oil:
BOTANICAL HYALURONIC ACID
Sounding deceptively harsh and chemical if unknown, Hyaluronic acid (HA) is actually produced internally within our bodies and is a vital lubricating substance that plays a key role in our healthy biological function – where it has a supportive anti-inflammatory action, supports collagen retention, boosts moisture levels, helps to maintain elasticity and flexibility and is central to facilitating wound repair [1]. Approximately 50% of the body’s total hyaluronic acid is found in the skin with the remaining 50% in tissues, within the joints, and in the delicate structure of the eye sockets [2].
Hyaluronic Acid is a humectant meaning it draws water into the skin layers and locks it in to maintain moisture levels. Within our bodies hyaluronic acid is a carbohydrate, belonging to a class of highly polar sugar molecules called glycosaminoglycans that attract water and are supportive to the body as lubricants or shock absorbers. The exceptional quality of hyaluronic acid is its ability to retain up to 1000 times its own volume in water which makes it an invaluable resource for the body and an indispensable constituent of the extracellular matrix that lies between cells of the epidermis, the dermis and the underlying subcutis layers.
As with many processes and resources within the body, natural production of hyaluronic acid decreases with age contributing to collagen and cartilage loss and visible reduction in the fullness, resilience and radiance of skin texture [3] and which accounts for its rising use in cosmetic procedures and premium grade skincare [4,5].
Vitally, not all hyaluronic acid is the same. While man-made replication of the ingredient is possible, the size of the molecule and its molecular weight is the central to its ability to penetrate the skin layers and be effective. Botanical hyaluronic acid that is able to penetrate the layers and is obtained outside the human body from other biological sources such as rooster combs carries heavy ethical implications. Entirely man-made replicas of the sugar molecule (hyaluronic as opposed to botanical hyaluronic acid) are not all small enough to penetrate to the lower levels of the skin surface. However the salt form of and biologically synonymous compound of HA – sodium hyaluronate is a water-soluble salt both small enough to penetrate to the deeper subcutaneous levels and poses no threat to animal welfare and is supported by the evidence base for its beneficial performance within our biology in its derivative form of botanical hyaluronic acid [6, 7, 8, 9].
SOURCES:
1_ Functions of hyaluronan in wound repair. Wound Repair Regen. 1999 Mar-Apr
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10231509/
2_ Hyaluronic acid, a promising skin rejuvenating biomedicine: A review of recent updates and pre-clinical and clinical investigations on cosmetic and nutricosmetic effects. Int J Biol Macromol. 2018 Dec
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S014181301833770X?via%3Dihub
3_Hyaluronic acid: A key molecule in skin aging Dermatoendocrinol. 2012 Jul
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3583886/
4_ Hyaluronan: More than just a wrinkle filler. Glycobiology. 2016 Jun;
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4847620/
5_ Efficacy of a New Topical Nano-hyaluronic Acid in Humans J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2014 Mar;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3970829/
6_ [Possibilities of using sodium hyaluronate in pharmaceutical and medical fields]. Ceska Slov Farm. 2017]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29351375/
7_ Clinical Outcome of Sodium Hyaluronate Injection into the Superior and Inferior Joint Space for Osteoarthritis of the Temporomandibular Joint Evaluated by Cone-Beam Computed Tomography: A Retrospective Study of 51 Patients and 56 Joints. Med Sci Monit. 2018 Aug
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30122753/
8_ Intravesical sodium hyaluronate reduces severity, frequency and improves quality of life in recurrent UTI. Int Urol Nephrol. 2020 Feb
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31617066/
9_ [The application of sodium hyaluronate in joint diseases]. 2002 Jan
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11826640/
JOJOBA
Derived from the seeds of the Simmondsia Chinensis shrub native to the deserts of Mexico, Arizona and California, Jojoba oil is actually a liquid plant wax or wax ester as opposed to an oil.
Its antibacterial [1] anti inflammatory [2] and properties make it a highly beneficial emollient or skin but perhaps its greatest asset for the natural biology of human skin is Jojoba’s unique wax composition , which in comparison to other plant oils most closely resembles the composition of the skin’s own natural sebum and it plays a vital role in repairing the natural skin-barrier function [3].
Research suggests that Jojoba oil’s similarity to sebum effectively tricks the skin into thinking it is producing the right amount of sebum, thereby impeding an overactive response and regulating its own production. This makes it suitable for all skin types including the needs of acne prone skin due to Jojoba’s ability to break down excess sebum by mixing seamlessly with the naturally present levels and form a thin, non-greasy layer of protection [4].
This layer is porous enough to allow the skin to breathe yet cohesive enough to provide an excellent barrier against moisture loss and due to this ability makes Jojoba oil a moisture-balancing aid also in regulating dry skin conditions such as eczema and other chronic dry skin conditions [5] and vitally also an excellent support for the complexion with its beneficial action in wound repair [6, 7]
SOURCES:
1_ A review on plant importance, biotechnological aspects, and cultivation challenges of jojoba plant, iol Res. 2017
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5571488/
2_ Anti-inflammatory effects of jojoba liquid wax in experimental models. Pharmacol Res. 2005
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15629254/
3_ Natural Oils for Skin-Barrier Repair: Ancient Compounds Now Backed by Modern Science. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2018 Feb
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40257-017-0301-1
4_ Human synthetic sebum formulation and stability under conditions of use and storage. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2009 Feb
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19134124/
5_ Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Barrier Repair Effects of Topical Application of Some Plant Oils
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5796020
6_ Wound healing properties of jojoba liquid wax: an in vitro study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Mar
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21211559/
7_ Jojoba in dermatology: a succinct review. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2013 Dec
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24442052/
Rejuvenating Day Cream
Bladderwrack Seaweed & Eucalyptus Leaf Oil
BLADDERWRACK
Seaweed has in many cultures for centuries been a major part of nutritional consumption owing to its impressive nutrient profile.[1]
Bladderwrack, the most well known brown algae species of the Fucus genus and dominating shallow macroalgae communities, shares this typically rich botanical profile being high in vitamins and minerals, such as calcium, iodine, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc, and vitamins A and C [2, 3].
An added benefit of this powerful botanical is that it is high also in health-promoting plant compounds called phytochemicals., which include phlorotannins and fucoxanthin, that may help reduce oxidative stress providing defense against free radical damage and boosting antioxidant activity within the body [4,5]
These excellent properties have seen an increased application of Bladderwrack as a topical treatment across a variety of conditions for skin such as cellulite, skin aging, and burns.
Initial studies indicate that the antioxidants in bladderwrack, namely fucoidan, promote collagen synthesis in the skin, which may help decrease the appearance of cellulite, facilitate skin healing, and slow down premature skin aging.
In the first phase of a two-phase study, applying bladderwrack extract to skin samples led to a 228% increase in collagen production, compared with no improvements in the control group [6].
In the secondary phase, a mix comprising bladderwrack extract and further algae extracts tested on human upper leg skin for 12 weeks showed in comparison with the placebo product, a significant reduction in cellulite appearance and fat thickness [6]
Further previous studies involving topicals with 1% bladderwrack extract showed an increase in collagen production [7,8].
Importantly also, bladderwrack’s high antioxidant levels have been shown clinically to reduce collagen and elastin breakdown when applied to human skin samples and act as a potential therapeutic agent to prevent and treat skin photoaging which has further potent implications for its increasing role in cosmetic use for the preservation of a youthful texture and appearance of the skin [9,10].
SOURCES:
1 _ Brown Macroalgae as Valuable Food Ingredients. Antioxidants (Basel). 2019 Sep
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6769643/
2_ Phycochemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Fucus spp. Mar Drugs. 2018 Aug
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6117670/
3_ Proximate Composition and Nutritional Value of Three Macroalgae: Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus and Bifurcaria bifurcata. Mar Drugs. 2017 Nov
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5706049/
4_ Discovering Health Benefits of Phytochemicals with Integrated Analysis of the Molecular Network, Chemical Properties and Ethnopharmacological Evidence.Nutrients. 2018 Aug
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6115900/
5_ Antioxidant capacities of phlorotannins extracted from the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus. J Agric Food Chem. 2012 Jun
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22612266/
6_ EEffect of cosmetic ingredients as anticellulite agents: synergistic action of actives with in vitro and in vivo efficacy. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2012 Mar
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22360330/
7_ Treatment of human skin with an extract of Fucus vesiculosus changes its thickness and mechanical properties. J Cosmet Sci. 2002 Jan-Feb
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11917251/
8_ Fucoidan is the active component of fucus vesiculosus that promotes contraction of fibroblast-populated collagen gels. Biol Pharm Bull. 2000 Oct
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11041247/
9_ Anti-collagenase, anti-elastase and anti-oxidant activities of extracts from 21 plants. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2009
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728709/
10_ Fucoidan inhibits UVB-induced MMP-1 promoter expression and down regulation of type I procollagen synthesis in human skin fibroblasts. Eur J Dermatol. 2009 Mar-Apr
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19129083/
EUCALYPTUS
Stemming from the Greek word eucalyptos, meaning “well-covered,” which alludes to the cup-like membrane covering the eucalyptus flowers when budding, the Eucalyptus tree with over 500 Eucalypti species in existence, is native to Australia and Tasmania but has been successfully cultivated in several other countries and adopted into many cultural traditional medicine systems, including Chinese, Indian Ayurvedic, and Greco-European [1.
It is the Eucalyptus oil stemming from the Eucalyptus Globulus and Eucalyptus Salicifolia trees that yield the notable medicinal properties.
A clinical review in 2017 evaluating the use of essential oils as alternative medicine for dermatological conditions verified it’s antibacterial, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties as well as it’s antimicrobial effects against many strains of bacteria, viruses and fungi [2, 3, 4].
Eucalyptus performs both aromatically or topically in it’s defense against disease-forming microorganisms thereby boosting the body’s immune system. It is the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of the oil’s active components, including eucalyptol which constitutes 70 – 90 percent of Eucalytus oil [4, 5] and citronellal, that make it such an effective support against skin concerns ranging from inflammations leading to conditions such as acne [6] and wounds, cuts, burns, sores to insect bites [7] and thus a potent aid in relieving dangers from outdoor threats as well as potential seasonal allergy symptoms which can have an adverse effect on the condition of the skin. [8]
SOURCES:
1_ A study of the antimicrobial activity of oil of Eucalyptus, RESEARCH LETTER 2004
https://www.ijp-online.com/article.asp?issn=0253-7613;year=2004;volume=36;issue=2;spage=93;epage=94;aulast=Trivedi
2_ Commercial Essential Oils as Potential Antimicrobials to Treat Skin Diseases. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5435909/
3_ Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oil from Eucalyptus smithii against dermatophytes. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. 2015;48(6):746–752. doi: 10.1590/0037-8682-0188-2015.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26676500/
4_ Eucalyptol inhibits biofilm formation of Streptococcus pyogenes and its mediated virulence factors. J Med Microbiol. 2020 Nov
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32930658/
5_ Eucalyptol and Its Role in Chronic Diseases. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2016
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27771935/
6_ Suppression of Propionibacterium acnes-Induced Skin Inflammation by Laurus nobilis Extract and Its Major Constituent Eucalyptol. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jul
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31319552/
7_ Biological, medicinal and toxicological significance of Eucalyptus leaf essential oil: a review. J Sci Food Agric. 2018 Feb
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28758221/
8_ A comprehensive review of the antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral potential of essential oils and their chemical constituents against drug-resistant microbial pathogens. Microbial Pathogenesis, Sept 2019,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0882401019304310
Replenishing Night Cream
Lavender & Frankincense Oil
FRANKINCENSE
A resin obtained from the Boswellia genus of trees used for centuries in Asian and African folk medicine Frankincense has held exceptional renown throughout ceremonial culture for its healing, spiritual and protective powers documented as far back as to bible times cited as one of three gifts given to the baby Jesus. Traditionally the oil has been used to heal wounds, strengthen and tone skin and reduce the appearance of marks and scars. [1]
Clinical studies are building the evidence base for its powerful immune-strengthening capabilities of Frankincense essential oil which is simultaneously deeply calming and aids in the regeneration of skin tissue [2]. This makes it an excellent support for maintaining the integrity of the skin’s structure, protective against destructive cancerous cells [3, 4, 5] and its vital function as a barrier aid, improving permeability of the skin [6] while providing protective anti-inflammatory support [7,8] and deeply therapeutic biological action [9].
SOURCES:
1_ Biological activities of frankincense essential oil in human dermal fibroblasts. Biochim Open. 2017 Feb
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29450138/
2_ Frankincense: From the Selection of Traditional Applications to the Novel Phytotherapy for the Prevention and Treatment of Serious Diseases. J Tradit Complement Med. 2013 Oct-Dec
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3924999/
3_ Frankincense oil derived from Boswellia carteri induces tumor cell specific cytotoxicity. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2009
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2664784/
4_v Boswellia. (2016, June 17)
mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/boswellia
5_ Frankincense (Boswellia species): The novel phytotherapy for drug targeting in cancer. Archives in Cancer Research. Jan 2016
acanceresearch.com/cancer-research/frankincense-boswellia-species-the-novel-phytotherapy-for-drug-targeting-in-cancer.php?aid=8424
6_ Effects of Frankincense and Myrrh essential oil on transdermal absorption of ferulic acid in Chuanxiong. 2017 Sep
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29192445/
7_ Anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities of frankincense: Targets, treatments and toxicities. Semin Cancer Biol. 2020 Feb
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32027979/
8_ Boswellia Serrata, A Potential Antiinflammatory Agent: An Overview. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2011 May-Jun
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3309643/
9_ Frankincense–therapeutic properties. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). 2016 Jan
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27117114/
LAVENDER
Lavender is a flowering plant in the mint family with a sweet floral scent. While many consider Lavender as a soothing aid to assist with sleep, the deeper benefit of Lavender stems from its considerable protective biological action. Hailing from the Latin word ‘lavare’, meaning ‘to wash’, and generally considered one of the most extensively used essential oils dating back circa. 2500 years to biblical times, Lavender was used by the Egyptians for mummification and in Ancient Roman bathing rituals due to its considerable antibacterial properties.
With use across Mediterranean, Middle Eastern and Indian cultures, Lavender oils have a long history of therapeutic application in folklore and herbal medicinal practice and the modern day empirical data is building the evidence base with respect to the traditional claims proving its excellent bioactive qualities [1,10] delivering antibacterial [2], anti-inflammatory [3,4], anticancer [5] antioxidant [6,7] sedative, anticonvulsive, antispasmodic [8] benefit.
Lavender (Lavandula) essential oils are sophisticated combinations of mono- and sesquiterpenoid alcohols, esters, oxides, and ketones. The main monoterpenoid and sesquiterpenoid constituents Linalool and linalyl acetate exhibit strong anti-inflammatory [9] and antimicrobial agents [9] against bacteria such as E coli while other compounds such as limonene have antibacterial activity against different human pathogenic bacteria. Many studies have quantified the medicinal properties of the terpenoid compounds, underpinned the oils potent antifungal activity and indicated the therapeutic potentials of Lavender Essential oils as a whole[10].
The versatility and exceptionally well tolerated nature of Lavender essential oil makes it an effective support for a myriad of skincare concerns, its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant qualities providing excellent support for the nocturnal regenerative activities within skin, maintaining a calm and balance while facilitating repair processes rom damage caused by oxidative stress.
SOURCES:
1_ Aroma Characteristics of Lavender Extract and Essential Oil from Lavandula angustifolia Mill. 2020 Nov
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7728310/
2_Study on Lavender Essential Oil Chemical Compositions by GC-MS and Improved pGC. Molecules. 2020 Jul
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32664436/
3_Lavandula angustifolia and Lavandula latifolia Essential Oils from Spain: Aromatic Profile and Bioactivities. Planta Med. 2016 Jan
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26441063/
4_ Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Essential Oil Exerts Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Effect in Macrophage Mediated Immune Response to Staphylococcus aureus. Immunol Invest. 2016;
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26730790/
5_ Biological Activities of Essential Oils: From Plant Chemoecology to Traditional Healing Systems. Molecules. 2017 Jan
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28045446/
6_ Determination of antioxidant potential of volatile extracts isolated from various herbs and spices. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Aug
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12166987/
7_ Biosynthesis and therapeutic properties of Lavandula essential oil constituents. Planta Med. 2011 Jan
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20665367/
8_ Ethnopharacological_evaluation_of_the_anticonvulsant_sedative_and_antispasmodic_activities_of_Lavandula_stoechas_L.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12415500
9_ Peana AT, et al. (2002). Anti-inflammatory activity of linalool and linalyl acetate constituents of essential oils.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12587692
10.Commercial Essential Oils as Potential Antimicrobials to Treat Skin Diseases. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5435909/
Hydrating Hand Cream
Lavender Oil & Comfrey Plant Extract
LAVENDER
Lavender is a flowering plant in the mint family with a sweet floral scent. While many consider Lavender as a soothing aid to assist with sleep, the deeper benefit of Lavender stems from its considerable protective biological action. Hailing from the Latin word ‘lavare’, meaning ‘to wash’, and generally considered one of the most extensively used essential oils dating back circa. 2500 years to biblical times, Lavender was used by the Egyptians for mummification and in Ancient Roman bathing rituals due to its considerable antibacterial properties.
With use across Mediterranean, Middle Eastern and Indian cultures, Lavender oils have a long history of therapeutic application in folklore and herbal medicinal practice and the modern day empirical data is building the evidence base with respect to the traditional claims proving its excellent bioactive qualities [1,10] delivering antibacterial [2], anti-inflammatory [3,4], anticancer [5] antioxidant [6,7] sedative, anticonvulsive, antispasmodic [8] benefit.
Lavender (Lavandula) essential oils are sophisticated combinations of mono- and sesquiterpenoid alcohols, esters, oxides, and ketones. The main monoterpenoid and sesquiterpenoid constituents Linalool and linalyl acetate exhibit strong anti-inflammatory [9] and antimicrobial agents [9] against bacteria such as E coli while other compounds such as limonene have antibacterial activity against different human pathogenic bacteria. Many studies have quantified the medicinal properties of the terpenoid compounds, underpinned the oils potent antifungal activity and indicated the therapeutic potentials of Lavender Essential oils as a whole[10].
The versatility and exceptionally well tolerated nature of Lavender essential oil makes it an effective support for a myriad of skincare concerns, its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant qualities providing excellent antibacterial support for hands exposed to daily contagion.
SOURCES:
1_ Aroma Characteristics of Lavender Extract and Essential Oil from Lavandula angustifolia Mill. 2020 Nov
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7728310/
2_Study on Lavender Essential Oil Chemical Compositions by GC-MS and Improved pGC. Molecules. 2020 Jul
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32664436/
3_Lavandula angustifolia and Lavandula latifolia Essential Oils from Spain: Aromatic Profile and Bioactivities. Planta Med. 2016 Jan
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26441063/
4_ Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Essential Oil Exerts Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Effect in Macrophage Mediated Immune Response to Staphylococcus aureus. Immunol Invest. 2016;
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26730790/
5_ Biological Activities of Essential Oils: From Plant Chemoecology to Traditional Healing Systems. Molecules. 2017 Jan
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28045446/
6_ Determination of antioxidant potential of volatile extracts isolated from various herbs and spices. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Aug
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12166987/
7_ Biosynthesis and therapeutic properties of Lavandula essential oil constituents. Planta Med. 2011 Jan
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20665367/
8_Ethnopharacological_evaluation_of_the_anticonvulsant_sedative_and_antispasmodic_activities_of_Lavandula_stoechas_L.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12415500
9_ Peana AT, et al. (2002). Anti-inflammatory activity of linalool and linalyl acetate constituents of essential oils.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12587692
10.Commercial Essential Oils as Potential Antimicrobials to Treat Skin Diseases. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5435909/
COMFREY EXTRACT
Cited in the 17th Century by English Physician Nicholas Culpeper for its outstanding wound healing and structural strengthening properties [1]. extensive modern study of this common plant growing abundantly in Europe and also now naturalised in North America back up the early therapeutic claims attributed to Comfrey in the treatment of ‘Inward Wounds & Bruises, Wounds, Ruptures, broken Bones, Inflamation, Gout, and Pained joints.’[1,2].
Much of the power of the plant is attributed to the compound Allantoin [3] obtained from the root of the Comfrey plant which exhibits humectant activity drawing moisture into the skin and locking it into the layers to maintain optimal levels of hydration in the skin cells, contributing to skin softening and calming inflammation [4,5].
Allantoin derived from the comfrey plant is a powerful support for the exfoliation of the skin surface as it is a natural and gentle keratolytic (shedding away Keratin as the top layer of dead skin) [6,9] and in that way boosting and supporting the skin’s natural cell turnover rate.
With it’s inherent anti-inflammatory properties helping to minimize irritation [7,8] and its notable ability to promote new cell growth [9] , allantoin actively supports wound healing and maintenance of the skin surface thereby protecting hands routinely exposed to the elements and wear and tear from daily stress .
SOURCES:
1_ Comfrey: A Clinical Overview
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3491633/
2_ [quote] ‘The English Physitian’, Culpeper 17th Century
https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=FIJmAAAAcAAJ&hl=en&pg=GBS.RA1-PA270
3_ Comfrey root: from tradition to modern clinical trials
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3580139/
4_ Comparative Assessment of Phytochemical Profiles of Comfrey (Symphytum officinale L.) Root Extracts Obtained by Different Extraction Techniques.
https://europepmc.org/article/MED/32075048#B7-molecules-25-00837
5_ A Symphytum officinale Root Extract Exerts Anti-inflammatory Properties by Affecting Two Distinct Steps of NF-κB Signaling
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2019.00289/full
6 _ Ref. Allantoin.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1749160/pdf/brmedj02317-0055.pdf
7_ The Role of Moisturizers in Addressing Various Kinds of Dermatitis: A Review
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5849435/
8_ Evaluation of a Topical Anti-inflammatory/Antifungal Combination Cream in Mild-to-moderate Facial Seborrheic Dermatitis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4587893/
9_An investigation into multifaceted mechanisms of action of allantoin in wound healing. 2017, Jun
https://www.jaad.org/article/S0190-9622(17)30663-1/fulltext
Restorative Body Lotion
Lavender & Red Thyme Oil
LAVENDER
Lavender is a flowering plant in the mint family with a sweet floral scent. While many consider Lavender as a soothing aid to assist with sleep, the deeper benefit of Lavender stems from its considerable protective biological action. Hailing from the Latin word ‘lavare’, meaning ‘to wash’, and generally considered one of the most extensively used essential oils dating back circa. 2500 years to biblical times, Lavender was used by the Egyptians for mummification and in Ancient Roman bathing rituals due to its considerable antibacterial properties.
With use across Mediterranean, Middle Eastern and Indian cultures, Lavender oils have a long history of therapeutic application in folklore and herbal medicinal practice and the modern day empirical data is building the evidence base with respect to the traditional claims proving its excellent bioactive qualities [1,10] delivering antibacterial [2], anti-inflammatory [3,4], anticancer [5] antioxidant [6,7] sedative, anticonvulsive, antispasmodic [8] benefit.
Lavender (Lavandula) essential oils are sophisticated combinations of mono- and sesquiterpenoid alcohols, esters, oxides, and ketones. The main monoterpenoid and sesquiterpenoid constituents Linalool and linalyl acetate exhibit strong anti-inflammatory [9] and antimicrobial agents [9] against bacteria such as E coli while other compounds such as limonene have antibacterial activity against different human pathogenic bacteria. Many studies have quantified the medicinal properties of the terpenoid compounds, underpinned the oils potent antifungal activity and indicated the therapeutic potentials of Lavender Essential oils as a whole[10].
The versatility and exceptionally well tolerated nature of Lavender essential oil makes it an effective support for a myriad of skincare concerns, its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant qualities providing excellent toning and conditioning action for the skin surface.
SOURCES:
1_ Aroma Characteristics of Lavender Extract and Essential Oil from Lavandula angustifolia Mill. 2020 Nov
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7728310/
2_Study on Lavender Essential Oil Chemical Compositions by GC-MS and Improved pGC. Molecules. 2020 Jul
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32664436/
3_Lavandula angustifolia and Lavandula latifolia Essential Oils from Spain: Aromatic Profile and Bioactivities. Planta Med. 2016 Jan
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26441063/
4_ Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Essential Oil Exerts Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Effect in Macrophage Mediated Immune Response to Staphylococcus aureus. Immunol Invest. 2016;
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26730790/
5_ Biological Activities of Essential Oils: From Plant Chemoecology to Traditional Healing Systems. Molecules. 2017 Jan
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28045446/
6_ Determination of antioxidant potential of volatile extracts isolated from various herbs and spices. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Aug
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12166987/
7_ Biosynthesis and therapeutic properties of Lavandula essential oil constituents. Planta Med. 2011 Jan
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20665367/
8_Ethnopharacological_evaluation_of_the_anticonvulsant_sedative_and_antispasmodic_activities_of_Lavandula_stoechas_L.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12415500
9_ Peana AT, et al. (2002). Anti-inflammatory activity of linalool and linalyl acetate constituents of essential oils.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12587692
10.Commercial Essential Oils as Potential Antimicrobials to Treat Skin Diseases. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5435909/
RED THYME
Hailing from the Greek word ‘thymos’ meaning ‘perfume’, denoting the rich fragrance of the plant, thyme oil is obtained from the leaves and flowers of Thymus vulgaris where the first distillation produces red thyme essential oil, a heady, dark oil with a spicy scent.
Red thyme essential oil is used in cosmetics and perfumery. Distilled for a second time, Red Thyme oil results in a gold to pale yellow oil known as thyme oil or white thyme oil which is widely used in cosmetics, toiletries and foods.
With over 300 varieties of thyme in existence it has a rich history of use through the ages dating as far back as the Ancient Egyptians who used this for embalming during the mummification process and in Roman culture where soldiers would bathe in and wear thyme embroidered in scarves before facing battles as it was thought to instil courage and strength. In medieval times, herbalists revered its ability to induce calm, aid sleep and provide spiritual protection.
The preservative and therapeutic benefit that thyme has provided throughout centuries is subject to modern study building the evidence for its bioactivity[1] and its most active compounds thymol (the active phenol used in Listerine for its antiseptic action [2]) , linalool, cineol, carvacrol and camphor [3] delivering its proven antifungal[4], antibacterial[5,6], antimicrobial[,6,7,8], antioxidant[9] and anti inflammatory[10] benefit.
Its ability to calm inflammation and provide antioxidant, antibacterial protection delivers excellent support for the body in maintaining a healthy cellular environment enabling a soothed and refined surface to the skin.
SOURCES:
1_ Biological Activities of Essential Oils: From Plant Chemoecology to Traditional Healing Systems. Molecules. 2017 Jan
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28045446/
2_ Thymol inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma growth via mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. J Oral Pathol Med. 2018 Aug;
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29777637/
3_Antimicrobial Activity of Basil, Oregano, and Thyme Essential Oils
http://www.jmb.or.kr/journal/view.html?doi=10.4014/jmb.1608.08024
4_ Basche E, et al. (2006). Review of thyme (thymus vulgaris).
cms.herbalgram.org/herbclip/300/review44454.html?ts=1566224609&signature=d148e96a3663757ca5c8f7b83d73489f
Ben Jabeur M, et al. (2017). Thyme essential oil as an alternative mechanism: Biofungicide-causing sensitivity of Mycosphaerella graminicola. DOI:
10.1111/jam.13408
5_ Taleb MH, et al. (2018). L. essential oil as a potential anti-acne topical nanoemulsion—in vitro and in vivo study.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6225355/
6_The antimicrobial activity of thyme essential oil against multidrug resistant clinical bacterial strains. Microb Drug Resist. 2012 Apr;
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22103288/,
7_Commercial Essential Oils as Potential Antimicrobials to Treat Skin Diseases. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5435909/
8_Boruga O, et al. (2014). Thymus vulgaris essential oil: Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4391421/
Bozkurt E, et al. (2012). Effects of Thymus serpyllum
9_ Determination of antioxidant potential of volatile extracts isolated from various herbs and spices. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Aug
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12166987/
10_ Peana AT, et al. (2002). Anti-inflammatory activity of linalool and linalyl acetate constituents of essential oils.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12587692